9. Related-Party Transactions

Scientific and Advisory Consulting Arrangement

The Company paid a former member of its Board of Directors, who is also a member of its Scientific and Clinical Advisory Boards, a total of $60,000 in the year ended December 31, 2016 and $30,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2017, in monthly cash retainers. The Company has also issued options to purchase shares of common stock and incentive awards to this individual in his capacity as a member of its Scientific Advisory Board.